[JCNL] is Guided and regulated by the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICERS REGISTRATION COUNCIL OF NIGERIA the guidelines are issued by EHORECON in pursuance to applicable section of Act 11 of 2002, and EHPR 2007 and other applicable Laws and regulations.
1. Environmental Health (EH) has been defined as the control of all factors in man�s physical environment which exercise, or may exercise, a deleterious effect on his physical development, health or survival.
Environmental health has been defined recently as comprising of those aspects of human health, including quality of life, which is determined by physical, biological, chemical, social and psychological factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing these factors that can potentially affect, adversely the health of present and future generation.
Environmental health programmes are organized community efforts to monitor and modify man environment relationship in the interest of better health.
2. Some functions of EH are : sanitation inspection of premised, control of communicable diseases, disposal of east i.e garbage , sewage and gaseous wastes including such special wastes like toxic and hazardous substances, potable water supply, good and sanitary housing condition, food sanitation, personal hygiene, pest and rodents control, air pollution control and noise pollution, etc.

The world authority on health matters � the World Health Organization (WHO) has indentified and listed EH function to include:

i. Waste management;
ii. Food hygiene and control;
iii. Pest and rodent control;
iv. Environmental health control of housing and sanitation;
v. Epidemiological investigation and control;
vi. Air quality management;
vii. Occupational health and safety;
viii. Water resource management and sanitation;
ix. Noise control;
x. Protection of recreational environment;
xi. Radiation control and health;
xii. Control of frontiers, air and sea ports and border crossing;
xiii. Pollution control and abatement;
xiv. Education activities(health promotion and education)
xv. Promotion and enforcement of environmental health quality standards;
xvi. Collaborative efforts to study the effect of environmental hazards (research)
xvii. Environmental health impact assessment. (EHIA)


Responsibility
It is the responsibility of the members of the profession, licensed operators and provider of environmental health services to ensure that:
(a) The premises of its operation is clean and hygienic;
(b) The services rendered to clients meet minimum professional standard required as specified in the professional code of ethics.
(c) Person employed for the operation, Management and supervision of their activities have adequate qualifications, experience and training;
(d) Person employed are medically examined and fit; and
(e) Measures are taken to preserve the health and well-being of employees and integrity of the environment; e.t.c

Solid Waste
Collection at household/premises level. Waste collection at point of general still remains a major problem in our communities. Waste collection at this level shall conform to the following:
1. All premises shall be swept and kept clean at all times by the occupier and residue shall be stored in a sanitary manner.
2. All solid waste matter shall be collected and stored in a sanitary dustbin and or polythene bags with appropriate colour coding as described in the National Environmental Health Practice Regulation (NEHPR 2007)
3. Collection: Only licensed solid waste collection company shall engage in solid waste collection using appropriate vehicle clearly marked as described in the NEHPR 2007.
4. All EHOs on premises inspection shall ensure that solid waste collection storage, transportation and disposal are carried out in a manner to minimize body contact and prevent the transmission of communicable disease. Etc.

Liquid Waste/ Sewage
1. All liquid waste including wastewater shall be treated to a level as specified in the relevant guideline and standard for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA) 1991 or as may be amended.
2. Only a licensed sewage collector with approved vehicle of vessels shall transport sewage / wastewater.
3. The Environmental Health authority shall ensure safe disposal of all sewage and wastewater in an approved disposal facility. Etc.


Pest / Vector Control

1. Pest and vector control is aimed at reducing man-pest/vector-contact so as to maintain and promote public health. Therefore, every occupier in every premises shall take all measures to exclude pest and vector from such premises so as to minimize man-pest/vector contact.
2. Every premise shall be rid of pest of public health importance.
3. Every commercial premise including schools, office, hotels, hospitals, ware-houses and hostels, etc and such other similar facilities shall be disinfected on quarterly (every three months) basis but at least once every six months in accordance with NEHPR 2007.
4. Every premise so disinfested shall be issued with a certificate of disinfestations as in appendix 6 duly signed be the Environmental Health officer who carried out or supervised such disinfestations using the appropriate form. A report shall also be issued to the client stating the target pest treated as well as the chemicals used.
5. Any person or company wishing to engage in the business of Public Health Pest Control shall apply to and obtain operation licence from the council using the form in appendix 7. Etc.

Cleaning Service:
1. All premise shall be kept cleaning at all times. All premises requiring the services of a cleaning service provider shall engage only a licensed operator.
2. All companies or person engaged or intending to engage in the business of a cleaning services shall apply and obtain a valid operational licence from the Council and such licence shall be renewed every three years in line with EHPR 2007.
3. All operational staff, equipment, materials of such company shall meet the minimum basic requirement as set out in the appendix to these guideline and as shall be reviewed from time to time.
4. All operational staff shall while involved in the handling of wastes, wear appropriate personal protective materials ( PPPM) including clothing, footwear�s mouth and nose mask, apron Etc.

5. Any company involved in dumping of waste collected from clients premises at unlawful locations would have her permits suspended or licence withdrawn and shall be made to face prosecution.

Pollution control:
1. The operator of a business or activity likely to be a source of noise pollution shall obtain a special permit from the Environmental Health Officer in charge of the LGA after a satisfactory comprehensive sanitary inspection report by a licensed Environmental health Officer.
2. Environmental Noise shall at all time not be above eighty (90) decibel and no equipment shall be kept in a manner or condition as to produce noise that will be injurious to health.
3. In the issuance of such a permit, the Environmental Health Officer shall consider the activities involved and the need for controlling environmental noise in our neighbourhoods in granting such a permit.
4. All �one off� noise-producing activity such as parties, crusade, and disco shall be held around residential district areas only with a permit from the Environmental Health Officer in charge of the LGA.
5. Every owner of a motor vehicle or motor cycle shall keep and maintain such a vehicle or motorcycle in a functional state that it does not cause environmental pollution as contained in the relevant regulation.
6. All industries shall ensure that emissions from their processes are within allowable limit as specified in the applicable regulations and laws. For this purpose, industries are required to install appropriate air sampling and monitoring equipment within their premises.
7. All waste water and effluent shall be collected, treated and disposed off in a manner that it will not constitute danger to health and environment as contained in the National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulation 1991; and the National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and facilities Generating Wastes) Regulation 1991;as well as other regulations.
8. Radioactive materials/wastes shall be handled, used and stored in a manner that shall minimize hazards to Public Health and the environment. This shall be in line with guidelines issued from time to time by the National Nuclear Regulatory Authority.

Industrial Hazards and Pollution
Industrial Hazards are anything in the work place that tend to have an adverse effect on human health. Environmental conditions, substances, or stresses that occur in the workplace may cause inefficiency, discomfort, injury, sickness, or even death. Occupational health hazards cause illnesses that are serious enough to make an employee work inefficiently or lose workdays. Industrial hazards can be divided into five general categories; chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial hazards.

1.1 Chemical Hazards Most environmental health hazards involve chemicals present as dust, fumes, gases, liquids, mists, or vapors. Chemicals can be extremely dangerous when handled or when present in the air in excessive amounts.
Chemicals may enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or absorption. When inhaled, chemicals may irritate the upper respiratory tract (the upper airways) and the lungs. The reaction may be immediate or acute. Once inhaled, a toxic material travels rapidly from the lungs through the bloodstream to the brain; this is why the inhalation of certain chemicals is so dangerous. Ingestion may occur when workers unwillingly eat or drink harmful chemicals that are accidently carried into eating areas, locker rooms or recreational premises.

Chemicals are categorized not only by their physical form but also by their physical effects on the body. Irritants attack the eyes, nose, mouth, airways, and lungs, and may have chronic or acute effects. Ammonia, chlorine, and nitrogen dioxide are examples of irritant gases. Asphyxiants can cause suffocation because they replace the oxygen in the air. Examples of asphyxiants include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, propane, and methane. Anesthetics and depressants can cause drowsiness, stupor, convulsions, coma, and death; many chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform are depressants, as are alcohols such as methanol and butanol. Carcinogens are cancer-causing substances such as asbestos, benzene, coke-oven emissions, and chromium. Mutagens are agents that cause changes in sperm or egg cells and can result in cancer and birth defects. Radiation � for example, X rays and beta particles � is a prime example of a mutagen. Teratogens are substance that cause changes in a fetus that lead to birth defects; examples include nicotine, alcohols, and radiation. Finally systemic poisons interfere with a single organ, an entire system, or a complex of systems. Lead is the most widely known systemic poison.

1.2 Physical Hazard: Noise, extremes of temperature or pressure, radiation, and vibration are types of physical hazards. Noise (defined as unwanted sound) can have a variety of negative effects on the human body. Possible psychological consequences of excessive noise include nervousness, fatigue, sleeplessness, and high blood pressure. Aural pain and hearing loss are the physiological effects of noise. The rate of work-related hearing loss is greater than that resulting from aging, and induced hearing loss cannot be helped by surgery.
Speech communication can also be affected by noise. Heat stress from very high temperature is fairly common among workers, although the thermal environment is perhaps the easiest industrial element to control.
Radiation is a physical hazard of growing concern. Radiation may be classified as ionizing or nonionizing. Ionizing radiation can turn neutral atoms into ions (charged particles) that are highly reactive to other atoms � in tissue, bone mar-row, blood, and so on. Ionizing radiation may consist of particles, such as alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons, or of rays, such as X rays and gamma rays. X rays and gamma rays are the most threatening form of ionizing radiation.
Vibration is transmitted into the body through the feet and fingers. This physical hazard can damage joints, bones, muscles, nerves, and the circulatory system. Excessive vibration can come from air hammers; compressed-air chisels and drills jackhammers, and riveting funs. Extremes of pressure can cause pain and congestion in ears and lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing.

1.3 Biological Hazards: Outdoor workers, animal handlers, hospital workers, laboratory technicians, and travelers are particularly susceptible to biological hazards. Exposure to plants, animals, molds, fungi, bacteria, grain dust, and insects can cause acute or chronic infections, allergic reactions, dermatitis, parasitic infections, and diseases due to viruses or rickettsiae. Dermatitis accounts for about 60 percent of all compensation claims for occupational diseases. it can be caused by exposure to chemical, physical, or biological agents, mechanical fiction, or plant poisons. Other typical disease resulting from occupational exposure to biological hazards include tuberculosis and viral hepatitis in medical employee; fungus infection in grain handlers; the chronic lung disease known as byssinosis (or �brown lung�) in textile workers; bacterial infections, including anthrax and Q fever in animal handlers; and an infection known as brucellosis in livestock workers and meat packers

1.4 Ergonomic Stresses: Ergonomic, or human-factors engineering, is the study of the customs, habits, and laws of work. Consideration of the total physiological and psychological demands of job is necessary to eliminate many stresses. Ergonomics therefore encompasses more than health, safety, and productivity. Occupational health professional try to fit the individual to the job and to design working positions that are conducive to comfort and productivity. Continued high levels of performance depend on work systems that are designed with human abilities and limitations in mind. By structuring work systems to minimize physical and psychological stress, industries can make operations more efficient, reduce the number of accidents, lower the cost of operations, lessen training time, and use personnel more effectively. Ergonomic stresses can affect health and efficiency as much as the more widely recognized environmental hazards. Ergonomic planning involves biomedical factors such as stress on muscle, nerves, joints, and bones; sensory factors such as audio signals, eye fatigue, and color; and external environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, noise, chemical and physical hazards, and lighting.

1.5 Psychosocial Hazards: work organization, leadership styles, communication, worker participation and fulfillment security workers may be predisposed to the propensity for psychosocial hazards like man-man problems of stress, anxiety, frustration, aggression etc. these factors may help to promote well-being, while short coming or lack of these, may cause ill-health). The psychosocial factors that expose workers to this hazard include repetitive assignments, over load, under load, shift work, poor remuneration and other benefits, unconducive work environment, poor health condition, lack of job satisfaction, queries, and memos, inquires, retirement and retrenchment etc. the physical effects of these problems are fatigue, peptic ulcer, headache, body aches, hypertension, fast aging and dying. The behavioral of psychosocial symptoms are reflected in quarrelsomeness, fighting, aggression, accidents, poor work, unproductivity, absenteeism and resignation

INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS / POLLUTION CONTROL
Workplace hazards can be costly as workers may suffer injuries. You can make a difference by implementing the following safety method:
2.1 A Safe and Healthful Workplace
2.2 Commitment to Safety and Health
2.3 Effective Communication
2.4 Training
2.5 Work Assignment
2.6 Productivity and Rest Breaks
2.7 Buying Equipment and Supplies
2.8 Equipment Maintenance Program
2.9 Using personal protective equipment
2.10 Organising Work
2.11 Preventing Slips, Trips and Falls � Part A
4.1 A SAFE AND HEALTHFUL WORKPLACE
Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace. They must follow state laws governing job safety and health. The type of tasks performed by your employees and the job hazards they may face determine which occupational regulations to implement.
One regulation calls for all employers to develop an Injury and Illness Prevention Program. The Injury and Illness Prevention Program me is the first and most important way for an employer to reduce potential workplace hazards. The Injury and Illness Prevention Program me is a blanket or umbrella safety program me that can incorporate other required occupational safety regulations. Depending on the types of tasks performed, you may be required to develop programmes involving lock-out/tag-out procedures, personal protective equipment, bloodborne pathogens and other biological hazards, or a hazard communication program, and so on.
4.2 Commitment to Safety and Health
Support from top management and employees is critical for a safer workplace. It is essential to:
� Look carefully at the work environment to identify problems and potential risks.
� Get ideas from employees on reducing or eliminating risks.
� Take corrective actions. Be sure to follow up.
� Let workers know that safety rules protect their health and ability to make an income.
� Instruct workers they are expected to use safe work practices.
� Lead by example and show your commitment to health and safety at your job.
� Observe how different employees who perform the same job vary in the way they actually accomplish the work. Variations can reveal real opportunities for risk reduction.
� Encourage employees to report hazardous conditions.
� Respond promptly to workers� concerns.
� Negotiate changes with building owners, if necessary.
� Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) free of charge to employees.
Rethink how to change a physically demanding job to make it safer or less demanding so most workers can successfully perform that job. For example, replace string mops.
� Use lightweight microfiber mops.
� Certain types of microfiber mops are designed so that, once soiled, they can be detached and laundered.
� Other types of microfiber mops are used with a bucket (see photos), and less force is needed to wring these mops.
� Use a lightweight telescopic pole to extend workers� reach.

Are insects and rodents bugging you? Fumigation

Say Goodbye To Pests.

Fleas. Ticks. Silverfish. Cockroaches. Bees. Ants. Mice. Rats. Household pests can be much more than a nuisance-they can become a threat to your property and potentially your health. In fact, one household mouse can contaminate ten times more food than it eats. That's why pest and bug control is so important around your home.
Stop waiting and worrying. Call an expert. The Julian cleaning pest control system � is trained to identify your pest threat and risk areas�then treat the causes in ways that are best for your family, pets and the environment. After a comprehensive inspection, we'll create a customized pest control plan that effectively targets cockroaches, termites, ants and common household pests exactly where they appear in your home�inside and out, all year long. Also learn about our mosquito service plan.
As you care about your home environment. So do we. That's why over hundreds of homeowners choose Julian cleaning pest control system�, the best-trained professionals anywhere will protect you. So, don't just call an exterminator.
Call an expert in your neighbourhood, The Julian cleaning pest control system�. Keeping pests in their place. E.g. Cockroaches and Rats among others

Pest
Cockroaches are one of the oldest groups of insects, indicating how successful they have been in adapting to changes in their environments. One reason for this success may be related to diet--they are scavengers and will eat anything organic. They prefer food sources such as starches, sweets, grease and meat products, but other items may include cheese, beer, leather, glue, hair, starch in book bindings, flakes of dried skin or decaying organic matter (plant or animal).
Cockroaches are attracted to warm, moist environments. They spend the daylight hours in dark, secluded sites under refrigerators, stoves, false bottoms in kitchen cabinets, in the backs of cabinets and in crevices between baseboards and floors or cabinets and walls. They may also be found behind pictures or within electronic equipment. A number of these openings will ultimately lead to voids in the stud walls. The insects leave these sites at night to forage for food and water. The presence of cockroaches during the day may indicate a large population.
There are about 3,000 species of cockroaches in the world and about 50 occur in the United States. Of these 50 species, the three most common in the Northeast are the German cockroach, the American cockroach and the brownbanded cockroach.
German Cockroach: Battelle germanica
The German cockroach is 12 to 17 mm (1/2 to 5/8 inch) long, tan to light brown, and has two dark brown stripes on the body region (pronotal shield) just behind the head. Females will produce four to eight egg capsules during their lifetime, with each capsule containing approximately 40 eggs. The egg capsule is retained by the female until the eggs are ready to hatch, usually in 28 to 30 days.


German cockroaches are widespread and can be found in homes, restaurants, hospitals, nursing homes or apartments. Within these areas, the cockroaches prefer sites close to moisture and food, making them common pests in kitchens, bathrooms and food-storage areas. Of the cockroaches which infest structures, the German cockroach is probably found more frequently than other species.


Brownbanded Cockroach: Supella longipalpa
The brownbanded cockroach is 12 mm (1/2 inch) long, light brown, and has two lighter colored bands running across the body. These bands are located at the base of the wings and on the abdomen. The bands are much darker during the immature stages. The brownbanded female carries the egg capsule for 24 to 48 hours before gluing it to a surface. The capsule contains approximately 18 eggs that hatch in 50-74 days. An adult female produces about 18 egg capsules over a life-span of 10 months.


The brownbanded cockroach requires less moisture than other cockroaches. It is more prevalent in homes, apartments, hotels and hospital rooms than in restaurants or stores. Evidence of this cockroach may be found behind pictures, in furniture, the underside of chairs and tables, upper kitchen cabinets or the upper shelves of closets and pantries. The brownbanded cockroach often infests electrical appliances such as radios, televisions, telephones and computers.

Cockroach Control:
Identification:
Identification of the infesting cockroach is crucial to successful management. Knowledge of the preferences and habitats of each species will help to provide more accurate and effective control.
Sanitation:
Anything that can be done to eliminate the sources of food and water for the cockroaches from the home environment will help in their control or a proper fumigation / pest control:

� Do not allow dirty dishes to accumulate in the sink and remain there overnight
� .
� Keep food scraps in the refrigerator or in containers with tight-fitting lids.
�
� If pets are in the home, keep the pet food in tightly sealed containers, and do not allow food to remain in the bowls overnight. Feed only what the animal will eat at the time of feeding.
�
� Remove garbage from the home on a routine basis. Keep outside containers covered, especially at night.
� Periodically check and clean the evaporation pan under the refrigerator or freezer.
�
� A critical point may be the area between the stove and cabinet, where grease and food scraps often accumulate. Pull the stove out periodically and clean thoroughly.

Trapping:
Cockroach traps are containers (available in various shapes) open on both ends and with adhesive surfaces on the inside. The traps may or may not include a food attractant. As the cockroach enters the box, it becomes trapped in the adhesive. Proper placement is essential! Cockroaches move from point to point along lines where vertical and horizontal planes meet. This may be where the floor and wall join, it may be where the bottom of a drawer meets the side of the drawer, or where a shelf joins the wall of a cabinet. Place traps flush to the wall, as even a small gap between the trap and wall allows the cockroach to bypass the trap.

Insecticides:
Insecticides give the best control when applied under objects (refrigerators and stoves), along lines where shelving meets walls (top and bottom), in the backs of the cabinets, behind pictures (depending on species) and as crack and crevice treatments. Remove dishes, cookware and foods from cabinets before treatments; return after the spray has dried. There are many products readily available for this purpose as follows -:

Chemical composition for fumigation.

≈ Cyper-Diforce
≈ Cypercot 10% E.C
≈ Pest off DVD 100% EC or Smash Super 100% E.C. And /or NOPEST &
≈ Formalin.
: Chemicals for agricultural insecticide (crop pests), and public health (flies, mosquitoes cockroaches, bugs, ants, fleas mites etc.)

≈FORCE TOXIN (Aluminum phosphide 57% fumigation tablets for Rodents < Rat>
≈Dragon: Kills grasses, broad leaf weeds. (Way to use: spray directly onto the leaves).